Charlie Don’t Surf: The Clash Protest Imperialism Essay -- Political P

By definition, imperialism is extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. That ideology is best exemplified by the Vietnam War because the United States invaded North Vietnam to prevent the dissemination of Communism into South Vietnam, which is ultimately an attempt at exuding power and influence by using military force. The Clash recognized the homogeneity between the American imperialism of the Vietnam war and the forced Westernization of the non-Western world, particularly third world nations; thusly, the band chose the Vietnam War as a backdrop for â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† because of it’s relevance to American culture at the time. The Clash released the album Sandinista! in 1980; this album is home to the highly overlooked song â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf.† The intent of this paper is to analyze the song â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† and examine it’s use of historical and cultural compone nts to protest imperialism forced upon third world countries by the United States. This paper will specifically analyze The Clash’s emergence from a tumultuous political climate as well as the decision to title the album Sandinista!. Musical composition and lyrical structure aids in demonstrating the protest of imperialism upon multiple levels and distinguishes the link between the â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† and a similar scene in the film Apocalypse Now. Emerging from England’s punk rock scene in 1977, The Clash morphed from traditional punk beginnings into the new wave movement. Described as â€Å"a more genuine, radical, proletarian,† sector of the punk genre, it was evident the band was destined to transcend musical boundaries.1 The Clash’s trademark idiosyncrasy is their layering of cultural remarks with historical relevancy througho... ...rus of â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† in the car, or helicopter, does not provide the background knowledge of the songs origins. In a way, without paying attention to the song, it mocks the ability to lose people into the music. Works Cited 1 Moore, Allan F. "Punk Rock." In Grove Music Online: Oxford Music Online.2 Browning, Boo. "The Clash: Another Flash of Lightning." The Washington Post, 1981.3 "The Clash Official Site." http://www.theclash.com/#/about/.4 Cowley, Jason. "The 1980s: 'England Was Convulsed by a Social and Political Revoltion'." Guardian, 2009.5 Ibrahim, Youssef M. "Britain's Economy Is Worsening Despite Mrs. Thatcher's Policies." The New York Times, 1980, 1.6 "Augusto Ceasar Sandino." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition: 1.7 The Clash. "Charlie Don't Surf." Sandinista! 1980. CD.8 Coppola, Francis Ford. "Apocalypse Now." 153 min, 1979.

Moral Relativism vs. Moral Objectivism

Moral relativism is a philosophical doctrine which claims that moral or ethical theses do not reveal unqualified and complete moral truths (Pojman, 1998). However, it formulates claims comparative to social, historical, and cultural, or individual preferences. Moreover, moral relativism recommends that no particular standard or criterion exists by which to evaluate and analyze the truthfulness of a certain ethical thesis. Relativistic standpoints repeatedly see moral values as valid only within definite cultural limitations or in the framework of personal preferences. An intense relativist stance might imply that assessing the moral or ethical decisions or acts of other individuals or group of individuals does not contain any value, still most relativists bring forward a more inadequate account of the theory. On the other hand, moral relativism is most commonly mistake as correspondence to moral pluralism/value pluralism. Moral pluralism recognizes the co-existence of contrasting and divergent ideas and practices yet it does not entail yielding them the same authority. Moral relativism, quite the opposite, argues that differing moral standpoints do not contain truth-value. At the same time, it suggests that no ideal standard of reference that is available by which to evaluate them (Pojman, 1998). History traces relativist principles and doctrines more than some thousand years ago. The claim by Protagoras that man is the measure of all things marks a premature philosophical antecedent to modern relativism (Pojman, 1998). Furthermore, Herodotus, a Greek historian, viewed that every society looks upon its own belief system and means of performing their functions as the finest, in comparison to that of others. Though different prehistoric philosophers also inquired the concept of a universal and unconditional standard of morality, Herodotus argument on moral relativism remains as the most fundamental idea of moral relativism. In the medieval age of moral philosophy, Thomas Aquinas defines moral philosophy as the collection or collections of ideas and claims which, as values and guidelines of action, identify the types of preferred action that are justly intellectual and rational for human persons and society (Pojman, 1998). It is a basically realistic philosophy of values which motivate individuals towards human fulfillment so that better-off state of affairs is mutually represented and practicable by means of the actions that equally evident and put up the superiorities of moral fiber conventionally labeled as virtues. Aquinas argument about moral is not really confined with his prior conceptualization of the idea of virtue – that is acquired through regular practice or by habit. For him, moral law is not a mere product of habituation. As explained above, his idea of moral law is linked with the concept of rationality or reason. A human person regards an action as morally right not because it is habitually observed or performed but because it comes within rational analysis of that individual. In the contemporary period, Ruth Benedict, an anthropologist, opines that morality differs in every society which is evidently framed on the idea of moral relativism (Pojman, 1998). Benedict argues that there is no such thing as moral values but only customs and traditions. She admits that each society has its own customary practices that are justified simply because they are part of the tradition exclusive to that society. For Benedict, morals obtain their values based on how individuals see certain acts and behaviors as beneficial to their society. And such is what she called as the standard of moral goodness. Now, such morally good action is deemed to perform habitually to maintain the advantages brought about by such morally good actions. In effect, being morally good and habitually performance of an action subsist together as the society upholds their own moral law. References: Pojman, L. (1998). Moral Philosophy: A Reader (2nd ed.). Hackett Publishing Company.

Book Burning in Nazi Germany - 1237 Words

Book burning is the ceremonial destruction of books or any other written works by fire. And it is done in public. Also it is a representation of censorship. The drive behind such acts can either be political, cultural, or religious resistance to the material in question. The purpose of the Nazi book burning was to destroy all ideologies that were considered to be un-German. In 1933, university students were on a mission to cleanse Germany of Jewish intellectual ideas (Fishburn, 2007). They believe that the book burning would keep the German literature and language from external influences. The majority of the books that Jewish authors wrote were burnt during that era. In 1933, a branch of the Student Union of German universities initiated a campaign against actions that could be considered to undermine the German spirit. This campaign was to reach its epitome with fire cleansing. The branches of the union would host Nazi speakers in gatherings and also disseminate articles to the g eneral public. The union also released a thesis that was directly responsible for sparking the book burning that took place in Wartburg festival. The thesis demanded that in the fight to eliminate un-German influences within the country; the universities would be the focal points of German Nationalism (Fishburn, 2007). Students who participated in the campaign alleged it was in response to actions taken by the Jews in order to be little German culture and values. In a ritualisticShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nazi Book Burning858 Words   |  4 PagesHeinrich Heine wrote, â€Å"Where they burn books, they will also ultimately burn people (â€Å"Holocaust History†). These chilling words not only forecasted the events to come, but also went up in flames in Germany during the Nazi book burning. Throughout Germany on May 10, 1933, thousands of people came out to witness these horrid events. These public displays of censorship were monstrous in nature. Book burning is defined as â€Å"the ritual destruction by fire of books or other written materials. UsuallyRead MoreThe Book Thief By Markus Zusak1549 Words   |  7 Pages The Book Thief by Markus Zusak is classified as a historical fiction novel because it tells a story that takes place during a tragic period in human history. This book reminds readers of the unspeakable acts that occurred during World War II under the Nazi Regime in Germany. The book focuses on the life of a nine year old girl, Liesel Meminger, living in Germany during this period of history. Markus Zusak was significantly influenced by his parent’s stories of their personal experiences of whatRead MoreThe Power of Secrets in The Book Thief by Markus Zusak Essay702 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"‘Book burning’ refers to the ritual destruction by fire of books or other written materials. Usually carried out in a public context, the burning of books represents an element of censorship and usua lly proceeds from a cultural, religious, or political opposition to the materials in question.† (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) The night of May 10, 1933, German students from some of the best universities in the world, gathered in Berlin to burn books with un-German ideas. The students,Read MoreGrowing Up During the Holocaust: A Look at the Other Side of World War II1461 Words   |  6 PagesThere are lots of books about the Holocaust, and what it was like to be in a concentration camp as a Jew, or what it was like being an SS officer during that time, but barely any focus on what is was like to grow up in the Holocaust as a civilian onlooker to the war. In The Book Thief by Markus Zusak he tells the story of Liesel Meminger who travels to a foster home in Munich Germany, and experiences what it’s like to live in a war. She deals with rations, knowledge limited to the learnings of whatRead MoreHow did Nazi Propoganda Help Hitler Condolidate Power1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of this report is: To what extent did Nazi propaganda help Hitler consolidate power in Germany (1933-1938)? To determine the extent to which Nazi propaganda was the key in Hitler’s consolidation of power, this report will identify the key factors that helped Hitler consolidate power and adjudge how big of a factor propaganda was in comparison to the others. Consequently, the report will include of a conclusive statement to answer the research question to whether or not Propaganda wasRead MoreNazi Policies Towards Jews Were Brutal but Erratic Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesNazi Policies Towards Jews Were Brutal but Erratic In the years after the Machtergreifung in 1933, German Jews were subject to fluctuation levels of violence and intimidation at the hands of the Nazi Party and its supporters. The variations in intensity were the result of a number of factors including the occasion of the Berlin Olympics, and internal rivalries in the Nazi party about the best way to proceed with Anti-Semitic policy. ‘Brutal’ is defined in the OxfordRead MoreThe Book Thief By Markus Zusak1231 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Book Thief, Markus Zusak shows different contexts with the same similar message. Zusak is revealing to the reader that words can be very powerful. The societal statement â€Å"power is knowledge† can be linked to the book by how knowledge creates power.The setting of Nazi Germany within the book burnings event, the basement with Max, and Liesel defending herself by her choice of words are all relevant to this societal statement since it demonstrates the idea of knowledge in numerous ways, and howRead MoreThe Night Of The Broken Glass By Markus Zusak1337 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Goebbels made a speech that initiated a crowd of violent Nazi activists who would burn down over 1,000 synagogues, and destroy over 7,000 businesses, thus creating Kristallnacht, ‘the night of the broken glass’. Following this act, was the beginning of the Holocaust. 6 months later, on May 10, 1933, members of the Nazi German Student Association, as well as other university students, burned close to 25,00 volumes of â€Å"un-German† books to promote their nationwide campaign: â€Å"Actions against the un-GermanRead MoreNazi Book Burning Of 19331089 Words   |  5 PagesVishnu Dasaka Mr.Stevens Modern Classics Period 3 22 October 2015 Nazi Book Burning of 1933 The Jewish poet Heinrich Heine once said, Where books are burned, human beings are destined to be burned too. Did you know that the Chinese government uses â€Å"The Great Firewall† of China to monitor and prohibit any dissent against the Chinese government?(Mark Jacob and Stephan Benzkofer) These kind of actions are called acts of censorship and most of themRead MoreThe Nazi Party And The Nazis1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nazi’s quest to unite Germany under the notion of ‘One People, One Empire’ affected and impacted many social groups in Germany. Women were utilized by the Nazi Party in ensuring the survival and ‘production’ of the future generations of Germany, and maintaining the ideal and traditional version of the Aryan mother and wife. There was also a lot of pressure directed towards artists and writers. Who in the eyes of the Nazi party, were meant to conform to art forms such as neoclassicism and traditional

French Indefinite Relative Pronouns

Just as in English, a relative pronoun links a relative clause to a main clause. This is true for both relative pronouns and indefinite relative pronouns. The difference is that regular relative pronouns have a specific antecedent, but indefinite relative pronouns do not. If you dont understand relative pronouns, I highly recommend that you go back to that lesson before studying this one. There are four* French indefinite relative pronouns; each form is used only in a particular structure, as summarized here. Note that theres no one-to-one equivalent for these words - depending on context, the English translation may be what or which: Subject ce qui   what Direct object ce que/qu   what Object of de** ce dont  Ã‚  which, what Object of a preposition** quoi  Ã‚  which, what *Theres a fifth indefinite relative pronoun, quiconque, but it is rare and complicated, so I address it in a separate lesson. **Remember that French verbs often require different prepositions than English verbs, so you really need to be careful with ce dont and quoi - its not always obvious which one is correct. When there is no preposition, of course, you use ce que. Note that when the pronoun tout is used with indefinite relative pronouns, it changes the meaning to everything or all. Ce qui serves as the subject of a relative clause and takes the il form of the verb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce qui mintà ©resse, cest la langue.What interests me is language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Sais-tu ce qui lui plaà ®t?Do you know what pleases him?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest ce qui me dà ©range.Thats what bothers me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Tout ce qui  brille nest pas or.All that glitters is not gold. Ce que is used as the indefinite direct object in a relative clause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce que je veux, cest à ªtre trilingue.What I want is to be trilingual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Sais-tu ce que Pierre a fait ?Do you know what Pierre did?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest ce que je dà ©teste.Thats what I hate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Tout ce quil à ©crit est amusant.Everything he writes is funny. Ce dont is used as the object of the preposition de.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce dont jai besoin, cest un bon dico.What I need is a good dictionary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Sais-tu ce dont Luc parle ?Do you know what Pierre is talking about?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest ce dont je me souviens.Thats what I remember.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai tout ce dont jai envie.I have everything I want. Quoi is the object of any preposition except de.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Sais-tu à   quoi il pense ?Do you know what hes thinking about?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai à ©tudià ©, aprà ¨s quoi jai lu.I studied, after which I read.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Avec quoi à ©crit-il ?What is he writing with?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ce à   quoi je mattends, cest une invitation.***What Im waiting for is an invitation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest ce à   quoi Chantal rà ªve.***Thats what Chantal dreams about. ***When à   quoi is at the beginning of a clause or follows cest, the word ce is placed in front of it (ce à   quoi).

Crafting and Executing Strategy - 1463 Words

Running head: ASSIGNMENT #1 CRAFTING AND EXECUTING STRATEGY Assignment #1 Crafting and Executing Strategy Jet Blue Airways Strayer University BUS599016VA016-1116-001 Strategic Management July 11, 2011 Abstract This paper examines the business strategy of Jet Blue Airways. The paper will also examine strategic elements that provide the organization with a competitive advantage. The company’s competitive strategy and the impact of the trends in the U.S. airline industry will also be discussed. Assignment #1 Crafting and Executing Strategy Jet Blue Airways David Neeleman worked in the travel and airline industry before starting JetBlue. He was well versed in customer service. He learned from his grandfather as a†¦show more content†¦According to Thompson, Strickland, and Gamble, a company exhibits strategic intent when it relentlessly pursues an ambitious strategic objective, concentrating the full force of its resources and competitive actions on achieving that objective (p. 36). JetBlue was founded to â€Å"bring humanity back to air travel.† David Neeleman started JetBlue to provide low fares and comfort. JetBlue won several awards for being the best domestic airline. JetBlue determined five important values, and safety was their number one priority. The four other values were of equal importance are caring, integrity, fun, and passion. Discuss Jet Blue’s financial objectives and whether or not the company has been successful in achieving this objective. The financial objective of JetBlue and any corporation is to become more profitable. JetBlue has been successful in achieving their financial objectives by offering low fares by keeping operating costs low and quality high. JetBlue was not able to deliver value to its stockholders. None of the major airlines were able to deliver value to stockholders (C-64). JetBlue maintained a conservative financial strategy and maintained strong liquidity. JetBlue had one of the highest liquidity coverage ratios of the major airlines (C-67). Discuss Jet Blue’s strategic elements of cost, organizational culture, and human resource practices and evaluate whether each element provides the organization with aShow MoreRelatedCrafting and Executing Strategy1582 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: EXECUTING STRATEGY Crafting and Executing Strategy Whole Foods Assignment # 1 Strayer University BUS 599: Strategic Management Spring 2013 Develop an argument supporting the importance of a strategic plan for the success of the defined business. For the success of the defined business, in this case for Whole Foods Market, the importance of a strategic plan is unquestionable. In Crafting Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts andRead MoreCrafting and Executing Strategy2432 Words   |  10 PagesCrafting and Executing Strategy Discuss the trends in the U.S. airline industry and how these trends might impact a company’s strategy The airline industry is facing one of its most difficult times in history. A worldwide recession along with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have led to a decrease in passenger traffic, reduction in revenue and rising fuel prices. Additionally, airline companies face the increase competition from new entrants. The shortage of pilots has also causedRead MoreThe Role Of Leadership On Crafting And Executing Strategy1792 Words   |  8 PagesTHE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN CRAFTING AND EXECUTING STRATEGY Introduction to Strategy Strategy is vital to any organization as it defines the path the organization must take to reach desired goals and objectives. Another definition says: â€Å"A business strategy is a set of guiding principles that, when communicated and adopted in the organization, generates a desired pattern of decision making. A strategy is therefore about how people throughout the organization should make decisions and allocate resourcesRead MoreCrafting and Executing Strategy Study Guide9008 Words   |  37 PagesChapter 1 What Is Strategy and Why Is It Important? CORE CONCEPTS A company s strategy consists of the competitive moves and business approaches that managers are employing to grow the business, attract and please customers, compete successfully, conduct operations, and achieve the targeted levels of organizational performance. A company achieves sustainable competitive advantage when an attractive number of buyers prefer its products or services over the offerings of competitors and whenRead MoreStrategic Management: Crafting and Executing Strategy1252 Words   |  5 Pages Crafting and Executing Strategy Introduction The purpose of this report is to present the importance of strategic planning for a business organization. The industry chosen for this report is airline industry and the company name is Asian Airlines. The report starts with a strong argument supporting why and how a strategic plan is important for an airline business and proceeds by discussing the mission and vision statement for Asian Airlines. The next section establishes five key objectivesRead MoreJetblue Airways: Crafting and Executing Strategy1296 Words   |  6 PagesJETBLUE AIRWAYS Paper 1: Crafting amp; Executing Strategy Strayer University BUSS 599: Strategic Business Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p. 3 Trends in the Airline Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......p. 4 Jet Blue’s Strategic Intent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........p. 4 Jet Blue’s Financial Objectives and Related Success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦...p. 5 Strategic Elements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦p.5 Jet Blue’s Strategies for the Future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreCrafting and Executing Strategy- Walmart Case Analysis2264 Words   |  10 PagesCrafting and Executing Strategy: Case Analysis of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 1.0 Source Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. faces a plethora of problems in just the past five years including a barrage of public criticisms calling for a change in the management strategies of Wal-Mart. The underlying problem or fundamental issue is the cost-based competition that Wal-Mart intensified through its obsession for cost minimization. In a way, Wal-Mart commenced and intensified price wars. Wal-Mart achievedRead MorePhases in the Managerial Process of Crafting and Executing a Companys Strategy570 Words   |  2 PagesThere are five interrelated and integrated phases in the managerial process of crafting and executing a company’s strategy. The first phase is developing a strategic vision of what direction the company needs to be going and what its future product, customer, market, technology focus should be towards. This specific managerial step will provide long term direction which fills the organization with a sense of determined action as well as aiding to communicate with stakeholders what exactly the management’sRead MoreStrategic Management Process At Gamble And Thompson1065 Words   |  5 Pages1. Describe, in detail, the strategic management process according to Gamble and Thompson. According to Gamble and Thompson (2017), managing the strategy of a company or organization is an ongoing, continuous process consisting of five integrated stages. †¢ Developing a strategic vision and mission statement, and determining your core values. Vision and mission statements outline the organizations long range direction, describes what the organization does, and defines the values that guide the visionRead MoreCase Assignment 23241 Words   |  13 Pagesincrease traffic flow into Costco stores and will help generate sales. (4) 2.What are the chief elements of Costco s strategy? How good is the strategy? The chief elements of Costco’s strategy are low prices, a limited product line and limited selection, a ‘treasure hunt’ shopping environment, limited marketing and advertising and growth. (5) A key element of Costco’s pricing strategy to keep prices low to members is to cap the margins on brand-name merchandise at 14%, and on their private-label Kirkland

Downy Woodpecker Essay Research Paper Downy Woodpecker free essay sample

Downy Woodpecker Essay, Research Paper Downy Woodpecker Habitat Downies take place in the United States and southern Canada. They have been recorded at lifts of up to 9,000 pess. The downies are non deep-forested birds, preferring deciduous trees. Open forests, river Grovess, groves, swamps, farming area, and suburban backyards are all favourite hangouts of the downy. Downies will besides nest in metropolis Parkss. About the lone topographic point you won # 8217 ; t happen them is comeuppances. The most attractive human home sites are woodlands broken up by logged spots in a waterside country. Downies besides enjoy unfastened shrubbery with Grovess of immature deciduous trees. Call ( s ) Like the hairy peckerwood, the downy beats a tattoo on a dry resonant tree subdivision. This drumming is the downy # 8217 ; s vocal, though they do do some vocal noises. They have several single-syllable call notes which include tchick, an aggressive societal note ; a tick and a tkhirrr, which are alarm notes. There is besides a location call, known as a # 8220 ; whinny # 8221 ; , made up of a twelve or more tchicks all strung together. Scientific Names The downy peckerwood # 8217 ; s scientific name is Picoides pubescens. There are besides six peculiar downies with six peculiar scientific names all from different parts of the United States and southern Canada which I have listed below: southern downy / Dryobates pubescensGairdner # 8217 ; s peckerwood / Gairdneri pubescensBatchelder # 8217 ; s peckerwood / Leucurus pubescensnorthern downy / Medianus pubescensNelson # 8217 ; s downy / Nelsoni pubescenswillow peckerwood / Turati pubescens The downy peckerwood is sometimes reffered to as # 8220 ; small downy. # 8221 ; Behavior Towards Humans The downy is unimpeachably the friendliest peckerwood. A bird lover in Wisconsin described downies at their feeding station: # 8220 ; The downies will endorse down to the suet container on the linden tree while I sit merely a few pess off on th e terrace. Even when I walk right up to them, most downies will non wing off, but will merely dart around the rear of the tree bole and peep about to see what I am making. If I press them, they will skip up the rear of the tree bole and so wing to a higher subdivision. Food Besides being friendly, downlike peckerwoods are our good friends for another ground. Most of the insects they eat are considered destructive to adult male # 8217 ; s groves and forest merchandises. About 75 % of their diet is made up of carnal affair gleaned from bark and crannies where insect larvae and eggs lie hidden. While standing on that alone tripod of two legs and and a tail, downies hitch up and down tree short pantss in hunt of a whole laundry list of insect plagues. With their particular chisel-like measures and horny, gluey linguas, downies are adept at tweaking out great Numberss of beetle chow, insect cocoons, or batches of insect eggs. They besides eat spiders, snails, emmets, beetles, weevils, a nd caterpillars, with other local insects included. 25 % of a downy # 8217 ; s diet are workss made up of the berries of toxicant Hedera helix, mountain ash, Virginia creeper, Juneberry, tupelo, and cornel. Downies besides eat the seeds of oaks, apples, hornbeams, sumac, hickory, and beach. Acorns, beachnuts, and walnuts are the peculiar favourites. Dr. John Confer and his pupils at Ithaca College have studied the downy peckerwood # 8217 ; s usage of goldenrod saddle sores as a beginning of nutrient. They discovered the downy # 8217 ; s small air hammer is merely the tool needed to bore a hole in the side of the one to two inch goldenrod saddle sore and pull out the bantam chow contained indoors. In fact, Confer # 8217 ; s surveies show that the goldenrod chow form an of import portion of the peckerwood # 8217 ; s winter diet. Plumage Tap, pat, pat! Tap, pat, pat! It is interesting how the downy peckerwood props itself with those stiff tail plumes while cleaving to the bark. Th e tail relieves the birds weight. This alone tripod allows the downy to skip up the tree bole with easiness, but it must endorse down in the same place, a more akward gesture. The downy peckerwood gets its name of downy because of its soft all right plumes. The downy, smallest of the peckerwood kin, is non even every bit large as a redbreast. It is merely about the size of the of a house sparrow at six inches tall. The downy can be separated from all other peckerwoods except the hairy by the wide, white strip down its dorsum. The downy and the hairy are frequently confused since their markers are rather similar. Both scope across the same district except the lower sou-west where the downy is less frequently seen. There are truly merely two ways to separate the downy and the hairy. ( 1 ) Expression at the measure of the two birds. The downy will hold a much shorter, stubbier measure. ( 2 ) The downy is about 2/3 the size of the hairy. That is another good hint to look for. The downy is most likely to be the 1 that you see at the feeder, since the haired keeps more to the forest than the downy. However, both will feed at feeders in the winter months, on suet particularly. The tail, wings, and back of both the downy and hairy peckerwoods have a black chromaticity intermingled with white musca volitanss. A black cap adorns each, below which there is a white band. A little vermilion spot appears on the lower dorsum of the caput. Another black band is below this. The downies have barred outer tail plumes non found on the hairies. Courtship Regardless of the lift, downy peckerwoods begin believing about nesting earlier than most birds and several months before they really nest. After passing the winter entirely, the downies seem to come to life in early February, traveling more rapidly and taking more involvement in their ain species. Their normal pat, pat, pat becomes a rather different unbroken trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, enduring several seconds. The tapping is no longer merely an attempt to happen nutrient but a agency of pass oning to other downies that this is # 8220 ; my # 8221 ; district. It is besides the first effort to pull a mate. Both sexes membranophone. So early does this beating Begin that it is non unusual to hear it on sub-zero forenoons. Some bird watchers believe that downy peckerwoods retain the same mate every bit long as they live. In this instance, all the brace has to make in the spring is to regenerate their brace bonds. This fidelity, nevertheless, seems to be a consequence of an fond regard to the nesting site instead than between the birds. After the drumming has united the brace, the existent wooing begins with a funny dance or # 8220 ; weaving # 8221 ; action by both sexes. With their cervix stretched out and measure pointed in line with their caput and organic structure from side to side equilibrating on the tips of their tail. Their full organic structure is elongated. There is besides a batch of fluttering a nd trailing from one subdivision to another, and more wave and weaving of caput and organic structure. Sometimes with wing and tail plumes spread. Considerable clicking accompanies these rotations. Nesting Sometime during the courting period the existent choice of a nesting pit occurs. The female is normally, though non ever, the dominant bird and selects the nesting site. Ounce selected, both birds dig the hole. Downies will characteristically put the nesting pit 3-50 pess above the land on the bottom of an exposed dead limb. The brace will jump excavation because merely one bird at a clip can suit into the pit. As the hole is cut deeper, the bird working may vanish into the hole and remain out of sight for 15-20 proceedingss, looking merely long plenty to throw out french friess. ( This is unlike chickadees, which will transport their french friess off from the nesting site, downies are non concerned about marauders happening french friess at the base of the nesting tree. ) Then t he brace will alter displacements for 15 or 20 proceedingss while the other bird digs. Though the female does most of the work, this may change with single braces. Regardless, the pit is finished in about a hebdomad. When the pit is completed, sometime in mid May, it is shaped much like a calabash. The entryway is 1! /4 inches in diameter. It is dug directly about four inches, so curves down 8-10 more inches and widens to about three inches in diameter. At the really bottom, the the pit narrows to about two inches, where a few french friess are left to function as a nest. It is believed that peckerwoods have been nesting in pits so long in evolutionary clip that nesting stuff is no longer used. Chickadees and bluebirds have been nesting in pits for a shorter period of clip, and still construct a nest at the underside of the pit as they did when they built their nests in the unfastened. The eggs, excessively, reflect this. Speciess that have been utilizing pits for many 1000s of old ages, like the peckerwoods, lay pure white eggs. No protective colour is needed when they are hidden in a pit. Fairy bluebirds and chickadees, on the other manus, still lay eggs with some protective colour on them pinpoints in the instance of chickadees and pale blue in bluebirds # 8217 ; eggs. Downy peckerwoods lay four to five pure white eggs, which are incubated by both parents through the 12 yearss required for hatching. They take bends during the daylight hours ; the male incubates at dark. The downy, like other peckerwoods, will seldom utilize the same nesting pit twelvemonth after twelvemonth. Alternatively, the site is taken over the following twelvemonth by chickadees, titmice, tree sups, Wrens, and sometimes bluebirds. This forces the downlike twosome to bore another nesting pit each twelvemonth. Young Downies When the immature hatch, they are bare, blind, helpless, red-colored, and rather unattractive. During the first few critical yearss after hatching, the grownups tak e bends in the pit, one dwelling the immature while the other bird is garnering nutrient. The male normally broods at dark. Downies swallow and regurgitate their nutrient to the immature for merely four to five yearss. After that they carry insects and other bugs, chiefly spiders, emmets, and moths, to the childs in their measures. The older the biddies get, the more nutrient the grownups must supply. It isn # 8217 ; t long before the immature can be heard chippering in the pit and both parents are feeding from daylight until dark. At times they are feeding every bit frequently as ounce a minute! A few yearss after hatching, plumes start to turn on the immature, and by the clip they are 14 yearss old, their tail plumes are long plenty to back up their weight. It is so that they make their first visual aspect at the pit entryway. For the following hebdomad, the childs spend a great trade of their clip taking bends at the pit entryway, heads out, chippering aloud, expecting the follo wing repast. At 21 to 24 yearss, the immature are ready to go forth the pit on their first flight. A New York observer gave a good acount of a downlike household # 8217 ; s last few yearss in the pit: # 8220 ; The immature chattered most of the clip during the last two yearss of nest life. One at a clip they looked out a great trade at the unusual outer universe. They left the nest on on the eleventh of June. The last two, a male and a female, left during the afternoon, each after being fed at the entryway and seeing the parent wing off. The immature male flew from the nesting hole straight to a tree 60 pess off. His sister rapidly followed, illuming on the bole of the same tree and following her parent up the bole in the hitching mode of their sort as though she had been practising this perpendicular motive power all of her life. # 8221 ; The perceiver could separate male childs from female because they already had a somewhat different visual aspect. Like their grownup opposite numbers, the immature males have red on their caputs and the females do non. The ruddy on the caput of the juvenile male is non a little topographic point on the dorsum of the caput as in the grownup male, but a much larger country of ruddy and tap on the whole Crown. The childs are besides slightly fluffy or # 8220 ; downy # 8221 ; looking. The juvenile female expressions like the juvenile male, without the ruddy Crown. This juvenile feather will be worn but a short clip, for all downies, immature and grownup, moult into winter feather in September. Ounce the immature have fledged, the parents divide the brood and merely take attention of their charges. The male will normally take one or two of the immature, while the female takes the others. Harmonizing to survey, immature downies become independent at the age of 41 yearss. Many people have seen childs on suet feeders in late summer with no evident grownup bodyguard, nor any involvement in other downies in the country. In fact, the grownups will drive off the childs at the suet feeders. Downy peckerwoods have merely one brood a twelvemonth in the North, but sometimes two in the South. Winter for a Downy By September the downy peckerwood household has broken up, the immature of the twelvemonth expression like grownups, and all become lone and quiet. As cold conditions attacks, the first order of concern is to turn up a winter perching pit. Apparently, downies do non utilize their nesting pits as winter roosts ; most birds bore fresh roosts in expectancy of the long winter in front. These readyings, nevertheless, are non made at the fast gait of most other birds in fall. The species that must migrate to warmer climes seem to be ungratified and in such a haste about everything. But non the downy. It remains unagitated in the thick of the bunco. Such is the personality of the lasting occupant. Despite this, there are some surveies which indicate that some downies, particularily females, do go forth the genteel ness district ; others don # 8217 ; t. The grounds for these fluctuations are non clear. The down # 8217 ; s winter is spent softly and entirely, seeking the doormant forest for nutrient. The gait of life has slowed, and frequently its pat, pat, pat is the lone sound to be heard above the air current in the trees. The downy is good equiped to last the coldest conditions. It even takes playful baths in the snow piled high on subdivisions. A adult female in Canada described one such incident: # 8220 ; This forenoon a female downy flew to a horizantal subdivision and proceeded smartly to bathe in the loose snow lying at that place. Like a redbreast in a puddle. Mrs. Downy ducked her caput, ruffled her plumes and fluttered her wings, throwing some of the snow over her dorsum and dispersing the remainder to the winds. # 8221 ; The downy peckerwood # 8217 ; s winter nutrient is non limitless. The insects apon which it survives stopped multiplying when cold conditions arrived. As clip base on ballss, the bird must seek more and more diligently to feed itself. It gets some aid from the sets of chickadees, titmice, and nutcrackers with whom it portions the winter forests. Downies will frequently remain slackly associated with these species as they cruise the forests in hunt of concealed morsels. But the downy is tied slightly to the country near its roosting hole, since it will return to it every eventide at sundown. Therefore, the eating countries environing the roosting pit become a downy’s single winter feeding district, which it will support against other downies. Backyard eating Stationss are the exclusion. For some unexplained ground, eating Stationss are a # 8220 ; common land # 8221 ; for all birds in all seasons. Normally ( in the right conditions ) there will be between six and ten downies at suet feeders at assorted times every twenty-four hours during the winter. There will be fewer during the summer. That is likely because there is more natural nutrient in the summer and genteelness districts are more strictly defended. Regardless, the downies take bends at feeders, staying by some sort of armistice at the suet, though there are frequently battles over who feeds foremost. Territorial Disputes When two males or two females come face to face over a territorial difference, they spread their wings, raise their crests and presume a ambitious attitude and scold each other. Most of this is bold, of class, for they shortly settle down, unless one or the other progresss toward a female. Flight Like the other members of the peckerwood kin, th e downy has a distinguishable undulatin flight that is most apparent when it crosses unfastened countries or slides through forests. The dips are non every bit deep as those of a goldflinch, but as ornithologist Arthur Cleveland Bent said, # 8220 ; It gives the consequence of a ship fliping somewhat in a heavy sea. A few shots carry the bird up to the crest of the moving ridge the wings clapping near to the side of the organic structure so, at the crest, with the wings shut, the bird jousts somewhat foward, and slides down into the following trough. # 8221 ; Enemies A ; Camouflage Though no songster is wholly safe from marauders, non many downy peckerwoods fall quarry to peddle, owls, and other winged huntsmans. When attacked, downies are rather adroit at dodging bird of preies by fluttering around the subdivisions of their natural home ground. They can besides flatten themselves against the bark of a tree bole and go about unseeable to any chaser. Maurice Thompson described a do wny # 8217 ; s defence against a Accipiter gentilis: # 8220 ; The downy darted through the leaf and flattened itself against a big oak bough, where it remained motionless as the bark itself. The hawk lit on the same bough within a few pess of its intended victim, and remained sitting at that place for a few minutes, seeking in vain. The black and white plumes of the downy blended absolutely with the bark and lichen on the tree. # 8221 ; Other enemies, queerly, include house Wrens, which have been known to wait until downies have completed work on their nesting cavaties before allowing the site for themselves. Incredible as it may sound, the house Wren can be aggressive plenty to assail a brace of downies and drive them from their ain nesting site to secure the pit for its ain. Squirrels, peculiarly ruddy squirrels, will destruct the eggs and immature of downlike peckerwoods. Attracting Downies Food, screen, and H2O are the three basic demands of all wildlife and downy peckerwoods are no exclusion. Food and screen decidedly take precedence over H2O, as downies rarely drink at birdbaths. Mature trees in an unfastened forest are the preferable home ground, but any sort of natural screen is better than none at all. A assorted base of oaks, linden, maples, and willows will accommodate downies absolutely. Food is simple. Downy peckerwoods love beef suet. Be certain that you get existent beef suet at the meatman store. So frequently a meatman will give or sell you gripe fat, which downies will reluctantly eat in the winter. They prefer existent suet, which is the difficult, white, opaque fat environing the beef kidney. Regular beef fat has a greasier, semitransparent visual aspect. It will besides break up in warm conditions and attract flies. Suet will non. That is why beef suet is reccomended all twelvemonth long. It is every spot as successful with downies in summer as winter. Plus, the suet feeder is the topographic point where most of the babe downies are fir st seen by worlds. They are so cunning with their ruddy caps and dumpy visual aspect. At first a parent bird feeds the child suet. Then it tries to acquire the child to feed itself. All that free amusement is yours to bask if you put up a suet feeder. Other feeding station nutrients that downies will eat include insignificant butter ( it # 8217 ; s a false belief that peanut butter sticks in the pharynxs of birds ) , rings, nutmeats, sunflower seeds, maize staff of life, and cracked maize meats. But beef suet is by far the most popular with all the peckerwoods. Will a downlike peckerwood nest in a bird house? Though most books on pulling birds or edifice birdhouses give dimensions for downy peckerwood houses, there does non look to be any record of a downy nesting in a semisynthetic house. However, there are records of downies utilizing birdhouses as winter roosts. Particular Adaptations The downy has many versions, runing from the tail plumes to the lingua. First of all the downy # 8217 ; s toes are different than most other birds. Alternatively of holding three toes in the forepart and one in the dorsum, the downy has two toes in the forepart and two in back. This agreement makes the downy # 8217 ; s alone tripod of two pess and stiff tail plumes more effectual. The toes have besides adapted another manner. The outer hind toe is longer than the remainder of the toes to maintain it from rocking. The downy # 8217 ; s tail is besides particular. Unlike most birds the downy # 8217 ; s tail plumes are long and stiff. This helps equilibrate the birds weight as it stands vertically on a tree. Another version of the downy peckerwood is their unusual measure. It is non pointed like most other birds, but it is chisel-shaped. A chisel- molded measure makes the downy # 8217 ; s work of carving a nesting and perching pit easier. The measure besides helps the downy bit the wood around the insects buried in a tree. The lingua is besides deserving observing. At twice the size of the downy # 8217 ; s caput, the lingua easy spears little morsels with a aroused tip of recurvate shots. Yes, even the skull has changed to suit the downy # 8217 ; s demands. The skull of the downy is stronger and thicker than most other birds. So logically it is besides heavier. This excess weight makes the small air hammer more effectual. But most astonishing is non how the downy has adapted, it is its accomplishment to accommodate. When European colonists invaded the downy peckerwoods # 8217 ; district 200 to 300 old ages ago, the birds did non withdraw as did many of our native species. Alternatively, they accepted as a place the groves and shadow trees with which adult male replaced the woods. Our early bird watchers were in understanding when they characterized the bird. Audubon remarked in 1842 that it # 8220 ; is possibly non surpassed by any of its folk in robustness, industry, or vivacity. # 8221 ; Alexander Wilson said ten old ages earlier that # 8220 ; the chief features of this small bird are diligence, acquaintance, doggedness, # 8221 ; and spoke of a brace of downies working at their nest # 8220 ; with the most tireless diligence. # 8221 ; And so it is today. The downy peckerwood remains good and unconcerned by the menaces of adult male. It merely softly flits around the backyard forest, pat, pat, tap-ing its manner through life. The Downy Woodpecker Habitat Downies take place in the United States and southern Canada. They have been recorded at lifts of up to 9,000 pess. The downies are non deep-forested birds, preferring deciduous trees. Open forests, river Grovess, groves, swamps, farming area, and suburban backyards are all favourite hangouts of the downy. Downies will besides nest in metropolis Parkss. About the lone topographic point you won # 8217 ; t happen them is comeuppances. The most attractive human home sites are woodlands broken up by logged spots in a waterside country. Downies besides enjoy unfastened shrubb ery with Grovess of immature deciduous trees. Call ( s ) Like the hairy peckerwood, the downy beats a tattoo on a dry resonant tree subdivision. This drumming is the downy # 8217 ; s vocal, though they do do some vocal noises. They have several single-syllable call notes which include tchick, an aggressive societal note ; a tick and a tkhirrr, which are alarm notes. There is besides a location call, known as a # 8220 ; whinny # 8221 ; , made up of a twelve or more tchicks all strung together. Scientific Names The downy peckerwood # 8217 ; s scientific name is Picoides pubescens. There are besides six peculiar downies with six peculiar scientific names all from different parts of the United States and southern Canada which I have listed below: southern downy / Dryobates pubescensGairdner # 8217 ; s peckerwood / Gairdneri pubescensBatchelder # 8217 ; s peckerwood / Leucurus pubescensnorthern downy / Medianus pubescensNelson # 8217 ; s downy / Nelsoni pubescenswillow peckerwood / Turati pubescens The downy peckerwood is sometimes reffered to as # 8220 ; small downy. # 8221 ; Behavior Towards Humans The downy is unimpeachably the friendliest peckerwood. A bird lover in Wisconsin described downies at their feeding station: # 8220 ; The downies will endorse down to the suet container on the linden tree while I sit merely a few pess off on the terrace. Even when I walk right up to them, most downies will non wing off, but will merely dart around the rear of the tree bole and peep about to see what I am making. If I press them, they will skip up the rear of the tree bole and so wing to a higher subdivision. Food Besides being friendly, downlike peckerwoods are our good friends for another ground. Most of the insects they eat are considered destructive to adult male # 8217 ; s groves and forest merchandises. About 75 % of their diet is made up of carnal affair gleaned from bark and crannies where insect larvae and eggs lie hidden. While standing on that alon e tripod of two legs and and a tail, downies hitch up and down tree short pantss in hunt of a whole laundry list of insect plagues. With their particular chisel-like measures and horny, gluey linguas, downies are adept at tweaking out great Numberss of beetle chow, insect cocoons, or batches of insect eggs. They besides eat spiders, snails, emmets, beetles, weevils, and caterpillars, with other local insects included. 25 % of a downy # 8217 ; s diet are workss made up of the berries of toxicant Hedera helix, mountain ash, Virginia creeper, Juneberry, tupelo, and cornel. Downies besides eat the seeds of oaks, apples, hornbeams, sumac, hickory, and beach. Acorns, beachnuts, and walnuts are the peculiar favourites. Dr. John Confer and his pupils at Ithaca College have studied the downy peckerwood # 8217 ; s usage of goldenrod saddle sores as a beginning of nutrient. They discovered the downy # 8217 ; s small air hammer is merely the tool needed to bore a hole in the side of the one to two inch goldenrod saddle sore and pull out the bantam chow contained indoors. In fact, Confer # 8217 ; s surveies show that the goldenrod chow form an of import portion of the peckerwood # 8217 ; s winter diet. Plumage Tap, pat, pat! Tap, pat, pat! It is interesting how the downy peckerwood props itself with those stiff tail plumes while cleaving to the bark. The tail relieves the birds weight. This alone tripod allows the downy to skip up the tree bole with easiness, but it must endorse down in the same place, a more akward gesture. The downy peckerwood gets its name of downy because of its soft all right plumes. The downy, smallest of the peckerwood kin, is non even every bit large as a redbreast. It is merely about the size of the of a house sparrow at six inches tall. The downy can be separated from all other peckerwoods except the hairy by the wide, white strip down its dorsum. The downy and the hairy are frequently confused since their markers are rather similar. Both sc ope across the same district except the lower sou-west where the downy is less frequently seen. There are truly merely two ways to separate the downy and the hairy. ( 1 ) Expression at the measure of the two birds. The downy will hold a much shorter, stubbier measure. ( 2 ) The downy is about 2/3 the size of the hairy. That is another good hint to look for. The downy is most likely to be the 1 that you see at the feeder, since the haired keeps more to the forest than the downy. However, both will feed at feeders in the winter months, on suet particularly. The tail, wings, and back of both the downy and hairy peckerwoods have a black chromaticity intermingled with white musca volitanss. A black cap adorns each, below which there is a white band. A little vermilion spot appears on the lower dorsum of the caput. Another black band is below this. The downies have barred outer tail plumes non found on the hairies. Courtship Regardless of the lift, downy peckerwoods begin believing about nesting earlier than most birds and several months before they really nest. After passing the winter entirely, the downies seem to come to life in early February, traveling more rapidly and taking more involvement in their ain species. Their normal pat, pat, pat becomes a rather different unbroken trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, enduring several seconds. The tapping is no longer merely an attempt to happen nutrient but a agency of pass oning to other downies that this is # 8220 ; my # 8221 ; district. It is besides the first effort to pull a mate. Both sexes membranophone. So early does this beating Begin that it is non unusual to hear it on sub-zero forenoons. Some bird watchers believe that downy peckerwoods retain the same mate every bit long as they live. In this instance, all the brace has to make in the spring is to regenerate their brace bonds. This fidelity, nevertheless, seems to be a consequence of an fond regard to the nesting site instead than between the birds. After the d rumming has united the brace, the existent wooing begins with a funny dance or # 8220 ; weaving # 8221 ; action by both sexes. With their cervix stretched out and measure pointed in line with their caput and organic structure from side to side equilibrating on the tips of their tail. Their full organic structure is elongated. There is besides a batch of fluttering and trailing from one subdivision to another, and more wave and weaving of caput and organic structure. Sometimes with wing and tail plumes spread. Considerable clicking accompanies these rotations. Nesting Sometime during the courting period the existent choice of a nesting pit occurs. The female is normally, though non ever, the dominant bird and selects the nesting site. Ounce selected, both birds dig the hole. Downies will characteristically put the nesting pit 3-50 pess above the land on the bottom of an exposed dead limb. The brace will jump excavation because merely one bird at a clip can suit into the pit. As the hole is cut deeper, the bird working may vanish into the hole and remain out of sight for 15-20 proceedingss, looking merely long plenty to throw out french friess. ( This is unlike chickadees, which will transport their french friess off from the nesting site, downies are non concerned about marauders happening french friess at the base of the nesting tree. ) Then the brace will alter displacements for 15 or

Review of the BP sustainability review of 2009 Essay Example

Review of the BP sustainability review of 2009 Essay BP Name: Course: Institution: We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the BP sustainability review of 2009 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the BP sustainability review of 2009 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the BP sustainability review of 2009 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instructor: Date: BP Review of the BP sustainability review of 2009 In January of 2011, the commission on the BP oil spill from the White House released their report on the final cause of the spill. The report exposed BP and its associates who made a series of budget-cutting decisions and a poor system of ensuring safety in the exploration process. The investigation revealed that the oil spill was the result of careless officials who displayed the lack of reform in the industry’s practices. By September, Washington had produced the final report that identified the cause of the spill as the faulty cementing at the rig while placing blame on BP, Halliburton and Transocean. The decision to blame the oil company for the spill was justified because the BP management was aware of the dismal state in which they were running the oil exploration process. The report mentioned a case in which a BP engineer was arrested with allegations of tampering with evidence that showed the irregularity in the oil flow rate. BP was also accused by wildlife and environmental conservancy groups of withholding information concerning the extent of the oil spill. Within their sustainability review of 2009, BP indicated that it had a â€Å"no accidents, no harm to people and no damage to the environment† goal that was seriously violated by the company itself as it operated unsafe premises at the heart of a major water body. In the investigations, BP had, on numerous occasions, made riskier decisions to lower their expenditure and time that went against the advice of the contractors. Halliburton energy representatives testified that the cementing procedure and the blowout preventer had not been fully serviced which led to their failure. Some of the other errors included the shear power site that had signs of leaks in the hydraulic system. The cheapest option selected by BP included the blowout preventer that was installed which was different from that in the schematic diagrams. These and other technical cost-cutting decisions were responsible for the oil spill. Annual Report and Form 20-F2010 criticism The BP management came under fire after the Gulf of Mexico spill for being negligent of such an obvious risk. The safety systems within the rig were not as safe as they were though to be mainly because BP invested very little in disaster management. The BP Company did not invest in remote control shut-off switches that would have used as the last option. Although it was not a requirement by the Mineral Management Service, BP had not invested in disaster aversion options. The awarding of the tender to Transocean was a poor management move as the company had a high rate of offshore drilling rig incidents. Even at the time of the explosion at the rig, by agreeing to enter into business with such a company, BP had made a cheap but detrimental choice. BP made the decision to neglect the pending disaster that was happening within its own premises because of the cheap, inefficient materials that were installed at the rig. One of the technicians at Deepwater Horizon Oil testified that BP knew about the leaking blowout preventer, weeks before the disaster but continued production. Other employees in separate cases testified that BP had cut short the safety and standards inspection on the rig that were meant to determine if it was safe to operate. The biggest accusations against BP was that their decision to use a cheaper design that was cheaper to install and maintain. While the design was not primarily responsible for the explosion, it contributed towards the vulnerability of the oil well. BP argued that they did not violate any laws while selecting their design but they ignored other safer options that would have averted or mitigated the oil spill. BP has operated in America and other countries for many years in which they have experienced many oil catastrophes that mirrored the Gulf oil spill. For a company of this magnitude and experience, the management of BP risk system was poorly handled. Putting financial priorities before the safety of the immediate environment and the global consequences was an approach that cost BP expensively.